With an incidence rate of 10.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002, the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region ranks second in France (after Île-de-France) in terms of the incidence rate of active tuberculosis (ATB). Since January 2003, the criteria for mandatory reporting (MR) of tuberculosis have included tuberculosis infection (TBI) in children under 15 years of age. Until then, in children, only active tuberculosis—defined as “any active tuberculosis that led to the initiation of antituberculosis treatment (at least three antituberculosis drugs)”—was required to be reported, while primary infection without a clear site of infection (a simple conversion of tuberculin tests) did not need to be reported. These criteria did not accurately reflect the epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis. Indeed, in children, active tuberculosis (ATB) develops in the immediate aftermath of latent tuberculosis infection (LTI), and the boundary between these two conditions is unclear and depends on the diagnostic methods used. However, surveillance of childhood tuberculosis is essential because it provides a sensitive indicator of the circulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the population. This article describes the main epidemiological characteristics of reported cases of ITB in children under 15 years of age in the Bouches-du-Rhône department.