Following the explosion at the AZF factory in Toulouse on September 21, 2001 (30 deaths, nearly 30,000 buildings destroyed or severely damaged), an assessment was conducted to formulate recommendations for managing and preventing risks to the population. In the early days, there was significant concern about the effects of potential environmental exposure. Furthermore, the foreseeable physical health consequences included trauma, particularly hearing trauma. Psychological consequences included acute and post-traumatic stress disorders and depression. The possibility of stress-induced myocardial infarction had also been described. An interim assessment was conducted nine months later, based on several health information systems mobilized in the short to medium term. Three years after the explosion, the available data allow for an evaluation of the validity of this assessment and its supplementation. (R.A.)