In July 2004, there were 64,813 inmates in France (source: prison administration). Inmates have multiple personal and social risk factors that predispose them to tuberculosis prior to incarceration; while in prison, communal living and confined environments facilitate the airborne transmission of tuberculosis. The frailty of a large number of inmates increases the risk of progression to active tuberculosis. Consequently, the prevalence of tuberculosis is logically much higher in prisons than in the general population. Since 1994, several pieces of legislation have helped structure medical care for inmates, but it faces organizational challenges due to the multitude of stakeholders and a lack of material and human resources. However, proper screening and treatment of tuberculosis cases ensure a favorable outcome, reduce transmission—including in the general population—and prevent the development of drug resistance. (R.A.)