Introduction: In France, prenatal screening is conducted for several infections that may have maternal-fetal consequences. The objective of this article was to examine the implementation of prenatal screening and its determinants for the following infectious diseases: toxoplasmosis, syphilis, hepatitis B (mandatory screening), HIV infection (mandatory screening offered), and cytomegalovirus (CMV, screening not recommended). Methods: Data from the French Longitudinal Study from Childhood (Elfe), collected in maternity wards in 2011, were used. The data included 18,022 mothers aged 18 years or older who gave birth in 320 randomly selected public and private maternity wards in metropolitan France. Data on infectious disease screening were obtained from medical records (toxoplasmosis, syphilis, hepatitis B, and CMV) or during an interview with the mother (HIV). Factors associated with the performance of these screenings were studied using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The absence of screening affected between 2.8% and 2.9% of women for toxoplasmosis (due to known immunity in 97.5% of them), between 2.6% and 2.8% for syphilis, and between 2.2% and 2.3% for hepatitis B, depending on whether missing values were included or excluded. Regarding HIV, 10.2% to 11.0% of women reported not having been screened. The main factors associated with the lack of screening for these infections were living outside the Île-de-France region and already having at least one child. CMV screening was performed for 24.6% of women for whom information was available. Conclusion: Although mandatory prenatal screening for hepatitis B and syphilis is performed very frequently, it is still not sufficiently widespread. The results also suggest a lack of information among women regarding prenatal HIV screening. Finally, they show that CMV screening is a fairly widespread practice, even though it is not recommended.