Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic environmental compounds produced naturally or through human activity. They are generated primarily during the incomplete combustion of organic matter or through pyrolysis. They are directly or indirectly implicated in the onset and/or progression of cancers and cardiovascular diseases, making them a public health priority. Due to their ubiquity in the environment and in food, their presence generally in the form of complex mixtures, their carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, and the reprotoxic and teratogenic nature of certain PAH molecules, they require monitoring. 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene has been classified by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as a definite carcinogen (Group 1), while naphthalene, chrysene, and anthracene are classified as possible carcinogens (Group 2B). Cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene are classified as probable carcinogens (Group 2A). In France, based on current knowledge, there are no studies in the general population that have measured population exposure levels. However, studies conducted in occupational settings have provided data on the biological levels of workers in certain fields exposed to PAHs [1]. For the first time, the Esteban cross-sectional study (Health Study on the Environment, Biomonitoring, Physical Activity, and Nutrition) measured PAH exposure levels in the general population of mainland France aged 6 to 74 years in a subsample of 398 children and 1,099 adults between April 2014 and March 2016. The PAHs measured in the general population (adults, children) as part of the Esteban study were either not quantified or very poorly quantified (chrysene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene); or very well quantified (%>LOQ between 80 and 100%): 1-hydroxypyrene, naphthalenes, fluorenenes, and phenanthrenes. A comparison with similar foreign studies showed that phenanthrene exposure levels in France in 2014–2016 among children in the general population were lower than those observed in Germany. The search for determinants confirmed the factors already known in the literature. Among children, a trend toward increased naphthalene concentrations with incense use and higher 1-hydroxypyrene exposure levels among those who ventilated their homes the least were observed. Among adults, cigarette smoking was a major determinant of PAH exposure. Among smokers, increased concentrations were observed for phenanthrenes (+95%), 1-hydroxypyrene (+145%), naphthalenes (+249%), and fluorene (+261%) compared to non-smoking adults not exposed to secondhand smoke. A difference in exposure levels to 1-hydroxypyrene, naphthalenes, and phenanthrenes was observed by sex: men were less exposed (a decrease of 14 to 30%) than women. Among adults, a decrease in exposure levels was also observed with higher educational attainment for all analyzed PAH families; those with higher educational levels had lower exposure levels. The dietary factors identified were: an increase in exposure levels to 1-hydroxypyrene, fluorene, and phenanthrene with the consumption of fats (oil, butter, margarine); a tendency toward increased naphthalene exposure levels with the consumption of pastries and meat; and finally, a tendency toward increased urinary concentrations of fluorene with the consumption of processed meats. The results of the Esteban study provide, for the first time, PAH exposure levels for the population living in mainland France between 2014 and 2016 and enable the establishment of the first exposure reference values (ERVs). They highlight the strong influence of smoking on PAH exposure levels among adults. These results could also be used to objectively assess the impact of policy decisions