Public health officials are concerned about the exposure of the population to chemicals present in the environment. Given limited human and financial resources, it is necessary to identify the contaminants that should be prioritized for interventions aimed at reducing public exposure. The identification of priority contaminants proposed here is based on the interpretation of recent Quebec biomonitoring data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Biomonitoring data for the Quebec population were first interpreted on a risk basis, using biomonitoring equivalents that establish a theoretical link between exposure and health effects. This approach made it possible to determine the priority level of about ten organic and inorganic compounds, seven of which were deemed to be of medium or high priority: acrylamide, arsenic, cadmium, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, fluoride, molybdenum, and selenium. The prioritization process was then supplemented by a comparative analysis of Quebec exposure data against Canadian biomonitoring measurements. This approach led to the addition of lead to the list of priority contaminants, the only substance among the 50 compared for which Quebecers’ exposure levels exceed those of Canadians. In total, the prioritization approach used in this study identified 8 compounds of interest. This list can help guide public health actions to reduce the population’s exposure to environmental contaminants.