Introduction: The National Cancer Institute conducted a study aimed at identifying vulnerable populations and women who do not participate in cervical cancer screening (CCS), prior to the widespread implementation of the organized screening program (OSP). Methods: The study is a cross-sectional analysis of data from the General Sample of Beneficiaries (EGB) of the French National Health Insurance system for the period 2010–2013. It included 125,519 women. Results: Nearly 40% of women had not undergone any screening in four years. Rates of non-participation in screening increased starting at age 50 among women who made less use of the healthcare system, had a long-term illness (ALD), were disabled, and had unfavorable socioeconomic characteristics. Nearly 60% of non-participating women resided in a municipality identified as disadvantaged, and 15% were beneficiaries of the CMUc. Conclusion: The results are consistent with data from the literature. The quantitative characterization of non-participating women and vulnerable populations allows for an assessment of the resources the DO CCU program will need to deploy. However, to better reach these populations, targeted qualitative approaches will need to be conducted as a complement, within a framework of proportionate universalism.