Epidemiological surveillance makes it possible to assess the impact of a vaccination policy in terms of reducing the incidence of target diseases and achieving disease control objectives. The situation in France is mixed in this regard. Certain diseases (diphtheria, tetanus, polio, and Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in infants) have been completely or nearly completely eliminated thanks to very high vaccination coverage. For other diseases (measles, invasive meningococcal C infections, hepatitis B), insufficient vaccination coverage leads to the persistence of an epidemiological burden that should be considered unacceptable, as it is very easily preventable. Finally, for other diseases (pertussis, influenza, pneumococcal meningitis in infants), better control of these diseases would require the availability of more effective vaccines, which does not preclude ensuring optimal vaccination coverage with current vaccines.