The prevalence of diabetes is estimated at 4.9% in mainland France, but is two to three times higher in France’s overseas departments. Mayotte is a French overseas collectivity for which no estimates of diabetes are available, and which has recently undergone a socioeconomic transition leading to changes in lifestyle. A cross-sectional study of the general population in Mayotte was conducted in 2008 to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. A random sample of 1,200 individuals aged 30 to 69 was screened at home by measuring blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin in capillary blood, as well as taking anthropometric measurements and two blood pressure readings. Known diabetic individuals—those with a fasting capillary blood glucose level above 1 g/L or a non-fasting level above 1.4 g/L, or a glycated hemoglobin level above 6%—as well as a control subgroup without glycemic abnormalities, were summoned to the health center nearest their home for diagnostic confirmation using venous blood.The prevalence of diabetes was 10.5% [8.2–13.4]. Prevalence increased with age, from 3% among those aged 30–39 to 26% among those aged 60–69. More than one in two people were unaware they had diabetes, and glycemic control was not achieved (HbA1c >7%) for half of the already diagnosed diabetics who were receiving treatment. The prevalence of moderate fasting hyperglycemia alone and glucose intolerance alone was estimated at 1.5% and 10.4%, respectively, and metabolic syndrome at 31% (NCEP ATP III) or 39% (IDF). Overweight (BMI 25–29 kg/m²) affected 35% of men and 32% of women, and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) affected 17% of men and 47% of women. Blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or known hypertension was found in 44% of individuals. More than two out of three people were unaware that they had high blood pressure. The prevalence of diabetes in Mayotte falls between that of mainland France and Réunion, raising concerns about a significant increase in the future given the high prevalence of obesity, particularly among women. The implementation of preventive measures against obesity and diabetes, as well as screening for all cardiovascular risk factors and improvements in care conditions, is recommended. (R.A.)