At the request of the director general of the Limousin Regional Health Agency (ARS), now known as the Nouvelle-Aquitaine ARS, the regional intervention unit (Cire) Limousin-Poitou-Charentes, now the Santé publique France delegation in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, conducted a study aimed at providing information on the health status of the population living or having lived near the former uranium mines in Haute-Vienne (Limousin). The objective of this study was to provide, at the municipal level, a description of the incidence and mortality rates from cancers potentially linked to exposure to ionizing radiation around mining concessions and within the Haute-Vienne department. This was a so-called "descriptive" study of cancer incidence and mortality in the municipalities of Haute-Vienne compared to the general population of metropolitan France. The study focused on all cancers (all cancer types) and then on specific sites recognized or strongly suspected in the scientific literature to be related to exposure to ionizing radiation (lung cancer, acute leukemias, kidney cancer, breast cancer, and thyroid cancer). The data used were from the General Cancer Registry of the Limousin region and the Center for Epidemiology on Medical Causes of Death (CépiDc). The overall analysis was conducted for the populations of municipalities throughout the Haute-Vienne department, as well as for the entire population residing in the 13 municipalities with a history of uranium mining. The analysis covered the period from 2003 to 2010 for cancer incidence and from 1980 to 2010 for cancer mortality. The analysis of cancer incidence did not reveal any excess cancer rates during the 2003–2010 period in areas identified as being at risk of exposure to former uranium mining activities. This result holds true regardless of the site studied, particularly for lung cancer, the primary site of exposure to radon, whether from natural sources or related to products of past mining activities. However, at the departmental level, incidence and mortality indicators showed, compared to the national average, excess rates for acute leukemias among women. These results must, however, be interpreted with caution, given, on the one hand, the descriptive study design—in which risk estimates are calculated at the population level and do not account for individual exposure data—and, on the other hand, the sometimes very low number of cases or deaths at the sub-departmental level and for certain sites (thyroid, acute leukemias). In conclusion, and subject to the above caveats, the overall findings of this study regarding diseases known to be linked to exposure to ionizing radiation do not support an increased risk of cancer in the municipalities affected by former uranium mining operations in Haute-Vienne.