Established two years ago, the French Office for Tobacco Prevention (OFT) is tasked with prevention, education, and regulatory oversight regarding tobacco use. At its initiative, a study on medical residents’ tobacco use and their behavior toward smoking patients was conducted in the Île-de-France and Rhône-Alpes regions a few months after nicotine replacement therapies were introduced in hospital pharmacies. Indeed, as the primary point of contact for patients in the hospital and as future practitioners, residents represent a key population for studying the impact of tobacco prevention measures. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of smoking among residents, to describe their management of smoking patients, and to assess their knowledge of the indications for prescribing nicotine replacement therapies in the hospital setting. (R.A.)