The Aquitaine Regional Air Quality Plan sets out guidelines aimed at preventing, reducing, or mitigating the effects of air pollution. Within this framework, the assessment of the health impact of air pollution on the Agen metropolitan area aims to evaluate the health impact of pollution on short-term mortality and morbidity, as well as on long-term mortality. This study follows the health assessment methodology described by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS). The selected study area, identified as an area where the population’s exposure to air pollution can be considered homogeneous, consists of 8 municipalities representing a total population of 60,515 people. The selected pollutant indicators are ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM10). The assessment of the short-term impact of pollution focused on mortality (all causes, cardiovascular, and respiratory) and morbidity (hospital admissions for respiratory, cardiovascular, and cardiac causes). The long-term impact on all-cause mortality was also estimated. The total number of deaths attributable to air pollution for the year 2001 is estimated at 4 deaths, including 2 deaths due to cardiovascular disease. Calculations of the health benefits associated with various air pollution reduction scenarios show that a 25% reduction in the annual average ozone level results in a health benefit of 2 deaths out of the 4 attributable to pollution. Regarding long-term health impacts, the various scenarios show that the European standards set for 2005 and 2010 are already being met. A 5 μg/m³ reduction in the annual average of PM10 would prevent 11 deaths out of the total number of deaths recorded during the year. The results obtained in this study must be interpreted while taking into account the assumptions, limitations, and uncertainties inherent in the methodology used. However, they have demonstrated the impact of urban air pollution even in a small urban area such as Agen. (R.A.)