A health impact assessment of air pollution was conducted in the Clermont-Ferrand metropolitan area for the period 2007–2009. The three pollutants selected are particulate matter: PM2.5 and PM10, and ozone. They were chosen because of the proven health risks they pose (respiratory and cardiac effects), as demonstrated in several epidemiological studies. The study area consists of 8 municipalities in the Clermont-Ferrand urban area, representing a total population of 213,403 inhabitants. A reduction in the annual average PM10 concentration would prevent, each year, 5 premature deaths across all age groups and 14 hospitalizations (8 and 6 for respiratory and cardiac causes, respectively). Regarding long-term health impacts, a 5 μg/m³ reduction in the annual average PM2.5 concentration would delay 47 deaths per year among people over 30 years of age, 24 of which are due to cardiovascular causes. These health effects occur despite low pollution levels. In terms of public health, the most effective preventive measure is the gradual reduction of pollution levels by cutting emissions at the source. The study recommends specifically strengthening efforts to reduce PM2.5-related pollution. (R.A.)