The new regulatory framework for air quality and the findings of epidemiological studies conducted over the past decade on the short-term effects of air pollution have led the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance to propose an epidemiological surveillance program in nine French cities. The first phase of this program focused on assessing the feasibility of such a surveillance system. A two-tiered organizational structure—local and national—was developed to collect relevant meteorological and health data in close collaboration with professionals in each field. Analysis of the relationships between temporal variations in daily time series of the two types of indicators enabled the production of exposure-risk curves for mortality. The organizational and technical feasibility of such a surveillance system was confirmed by the first phase of this program.