Since 1997, the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS) has coordinated the Air and Health Surveillance Program—9 Cities (PSAS-9), whose objective is to assess and update the relationship between population exposure to urban air pollution and health risks. The purpose of these relationships is to enable an assessment of the health impact of air pollution across all urban areas in France and thereby inform policy decisions regarding air quality management. For example, among the nine cities in the program, the short-term health impact assessment (EIS) yields the following estimates: the annual number of premature deaths attributable to air pollution levels exceeding 10 µg/m³ is 2,786 for total mortality, 1,097 for cardiovascular mortality, and 316 for respiratory mortality. The number of projected deaths that could have been prevented if average pollution levels had been reduced by 50% is estimated at 1,834 for total mortality, 705 for cardiovascular mortality, and 209 for respiratory mortality. The HIA approach, based on local data (health and air quality), is now a decision-making tool in policies for preventing risks associated with air pollution. Recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is already used at the European level and aligns with the various plans initiated by the law on air quality and the rational use of energy to inform air quality management decisions at the local and regional levels.