In recent years, the implementation of a nutrition policy has emerged as a top public health priority. Since 2001, the National Nutrition and Health Program (PNNS 2001–2005, PNNS 2006-2010, and PNNS 2011-2015), whose overall goal is to improve the health of the entire population, has defined nine priority quantitative objectives, some of which (increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, reducing alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, reducing the prevalence of overweight) are likely to contribute to cancer prevention. Indeed, research over the past forty years has demonstrated the influence of nutrition on the development of certain cancers. This is shown in the report by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) published in late 2007 [4]. As a source of both risk factors and protective factors, nutrition—which encompasses diet (including alcohol), nutritional status (normal weight, overweight, obesity), and physical activity—is one of the behavioral factors that can be modified to prevent the onset of cancer. The recommendations issued from a global perspective by the WCRF and the AICR have been adapted to the French nutritional context, resulting in recommendations consistent with those of the PNNS. [excerpt from the chapter introduction] This document is a chapter from the book: Beck F, Gautier A. Cancer Barometer 2010. Saint Denis: Inpes; 2012. 272 p.