Problem Statement: Nutrition education has been a key focus of France’s nutrition policy for several years. The underlying assumption of this approach is that improving knowledge is one of the factors that can contribute to healthy eating habits and physical activity. The objective of this article, based on data from the 2008 Health and Nutrition Barometer, is to analyze the associations between knowledge of recommendations and behaviors regarding diet and physical activity. Methods: The 2008 Health and Nutrition Barometer is a self-reported survey conducted by telephone among the general population (ages 12–75; n = 4,714). For six benchmarks of the National Nutrition and Health Program (PNNS), the associations between knowledge of these recommendations and dietary and physical activity behaviors were studied using multivariate logistic regressions among adults aged 18 to 75 years. For foods consumed the day before the interview, odds ratios were adjusted for sex, age, educational level, urban area size, and region. For the guideline regarding fish, income level—which was significant in bivariate analysis—was included among the adjustment variables; socioeconomic status was included for physical activity. Results: The results highlight positive associations between knowledge of the dietary guidelines and the frequency of consumption, on the day before the interview, of fruits and vegetables (OR=1.7), dairy products (OR=1.6), and starchy foods (OR=1.6). Also associated with knowledge of the recommendations were the frequency of fish consumption during the 15 days preceding the interview (OR=5.0) and the level of physical activity during a typical week (OR=1.5). However, no significant association was found for foods in the "meat and poultry, seafood, eggs" group. Conclusion: Dietary and physical activity behaviors are positively associated with knowledge of nutritional recommendations disseminated primarily through nutrition information and education initiatives. Nevertheless, the significant gaps still observed for certain food groups between knowledge and behavior highlight the need to complement individual-level interventions with other strategies aimed at making the environment and food supply more conducive to health-promoting behaviors. [Publisher’s abstract]