Introduction. The 2010 Mortality Survey described the distribution of causes of death in France in 2010 among adults infected with HIV (HIV+) and changes in these patterns since 2000. Methods. A national sample of healthcare facilities involved in HIV care documented deaths among HIV+ patients in 2010 using a standardized questionnaire. Results. The 90 participating centers reported 728 deaths. The median age of patients was 50 years; 75% were men. The leading initial causes of death were: AIDS (25% vs. 36% in 2005 and 47% in 2000), non-AIDS cancer not related to hepatitis (22% vs. 17% and 11%), liver disease (11% vs. 15% and 13%), cardiovascular disease (10% vs. 8% and 7%), and non-AIDS-related infection (9% vs. 4% and 7%). Cancers of all types combined accounted for one-third of all causes of death. AIDS (36%) and non-AIDS-related infections (15%) were the leading causes of death in the French overseas departments (DOM). Discussion and conclusion. In 2010, AIDS accounted for only one-quarter of causes of death among HIV-positive patients (but more than one-third in the DOM). The majority of patients now die from various causes while their HIV infection is controlled by treatment. Multidisciplinary care (particularly oncological) for HIV-positive patients now appears essential. (R.A.)