In mainland France, the estimated number of new cases of Vaquez polycythemia in 2018 was 1,129, including 603 cases in men and 526 cases in women. Key points: Very favorable prognosis with a 5-year standardized net survival rate of 93% for individuals diagnosed between 2010 and 2015; 5-year net survival decreases with age at diagnosis: 100% at age 40, 98% at age 60, and 86% at age 80; Net survival at 1 year and 5 years is comparable in women and men, regardless of age at diagnosis; Net survival at 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years remained stable over the 2005–2015 period for individuals aged 40 and 50 at diagnosis, with a trend toward improvement in those over 60.