This article presents the status of HIV infection and AIDS in France in 2009, based on mandatory reporting of HIV and AIDS and virological surveillance. The number of people who learned of their HIV-positive status in 2009 is estimated at approximately 6,700 [95% CI: 6,400–6,900], a slight increase compared to 2008 (6,400 [95% CI: 6,200–6,600]). This increase was observed only among men who have sex with men (2,500 in 2009). In 2009, approximately 4,000 HIV-positive cases were identified among individuals infected through heterosexual intercourse, involving approximately 1,600 women and 1,100 men born abroad, and 750 men and 500 women born in France. Finally, 85 people who inject drugs learned of their HIV-positive status in 2009. The proportion of HIV-2 infections was 1.7% in 2009. Among HIV-1 infections, the proportion of non-B subtypes has remained stable since 2008 at around 40%. The proportion of recent infections among adults is 30%. Among those who learned of their HIV-positive status in 2009, 28% had a CD4 lymphocyte count of less than 200/mm³ at the time of diagnosis, and 30% had a count of 500 or higher. Regarding new AIDS diagnoses, the number of which has been declining for several years (approximately 1,400 in 2009), men who have sex with men (MSM) are also the only group for which the number of cases increased in 2009. Trends since 2003 remain particularly concerning among MSM. It is essential to intensify screening and, in particular, to strengthen early screening following risk-taking behavior, in order to reduce the very high risk of transmission during the primary infection phase. This is one aspect of the new strategy aimed at expanding screening to the general population and repeating it among populations exposed to HIV. (R.A.)