Although the vulnerability of incarcerated individuals is now widely recognized (in terms of employment, health, housing, etc.), there are few systems in place to monitor their health. The objective of this literature review was to describe the epidemiological data regarding the main health conditions encountered in prison settings. Literature searches were conducted in the Scopus database and the Public Health Database to identify studies addressing 14 preselected health issues. Of the 5,000 references obtained, 120 were selected. The studies primarily focused on three themes: mental disorders, addictions, and infectious diseases, with converging results in France and abroad and higher prevalence rates than in the general population (1.7% to 2.1% for HIV infection; 74% of smokers; 3.6% to 6% of people suffering from psychotic disorders). Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, remain less studied. As for other issues, particularly dermatological diseases or trauma, the data came from studies with significant methodological limitations. Given the high morbidity rates among these populations and the initial findings on chronic diseases, it appears necessary to expand epidemiological studies in prison settings in order to adapt care. (R.A.)