In 1936, Lemierre described a series of deaths resulting from sepsis caused by a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium: "Bacillus funduliformis." This disease primarily affects healthy young adults or adolescents, regardless of gender. It is triggered by an untreated or inadequately treated tonsillar or peritonsillar abscess. According to Lemierre, the septicemia results from thrombophlebitis of the tonsillar veins that spreads to the internal jugular vein or even to the facial veins. This condition, now known as Lemierre’s syndrome but often referred to in clinical literature as “tonsillitis-jugular phlebitis-lung abscess syndrome,” has rarely been diagnosed since the advent of antibiotics. However, it remains a serious, life-threatening infection. Since the 1990s, a resurgence of this syndrome has been reported worldwide, particularly in Europe. Its reappearance is likely due to several factors, such as the reduced use of antibiotics in oropharyngeal infections, and improvements in culture techniques and methods for identifying anaerobic bacteria. Following a clinical, bacteriological, and therapeutic review of Lemierre’s syndrome, an analysis of the bacterial strains received at the CNR between 1998 and 2005 will be presented. (Introduction)