Introduction - Few reliable data are available in France on the transgender population. A survey was conducted in 2010 among transgender individuals to determine their sociodemographic characteristics, their healthcare experiences, and their status regarding HIV/AIDS. Materials and Methods - A questionnaire was developed and distributed from July to October 2010, in collaboration with community organizations and healthcare professionals in hospitals and private practice. Results - A total of 381 people anonymously completed and returned the self-administered questionnaire. Legal sex at birth and gender identity were the main indicators used to identify different profiles, care pathways, and situations regarding HIV/AIDS. Sociodemographic profiles differed according to legal sex at birth. Care pathways also varied according to this factor, but especially according to the gender identity expressed by the individuals themselves. HIV serostatus was strongly determined by civil sex at birth: only male-to-female (MtF) individuals were affected by HIV, and even more so when they were of foreign origin and had experience in sex work. Discussion-Conclusion - This study, which is innovative in its approach to recruiting participants in partnership with their primary social networks and in its use of gender identification categories, highlights the heterogeneity of the trans population and the need to account for differences among its subgroups. The results confirm the severity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among MtF individuals and shed light on the difficulties in accessing care in France. (R.A.)